Dr. Andrew's Opinions
Welcome to our web site which is dedicated to dependency treatments, research and education. On this site you will find summaries of research articles, lectures and conferences from Dr Andrew Byrne and his colleagues. 75 Redfern St, Redfern, Australia. Phone 9319 5524
3 December 2022
Medical Postcard from New York City, November 2022.
Medical Postcard from New York City, November 2022.
It was a great pleasure to be able to travel to America again and meet up with colleagues and share information about Covid, overdose, etc.
1. America to catch up with rest of world on community methadone.
2. Report on first
twelve months of New York’s first injecting centres.
3.
'Bernese’
transfer methadone/bupe being done do-it-yourself.
4.
New guidelines
for protection of children when cannabis legalised.
5.
100th
birthday of Dr Joyce Lowinson, addiction treatment pioneer.
6.
Death of Dr.
Mitchell Rosenthal, Phoenix House Founder.
1. America to catch up with rest of world on community methadone:
1. Product composition
2.
Packaging and
labeling
3.
Advertising and
marketing
4.
Manufacture and
sale
5.
Marijuana use
6.
Sale and
distribution to youth
7.
Use of tax and
penalty revenue for public education, prevention, treatment, monitoring, and
provision enforcement
The speakers detailed the available data from various states which legalised cannabis first and detailed recommendations for each of the above issues.
[from CNN on related matter:]
Just this month the NY State legislature is considering applications for
cannabis licences which fall into numerous categories for growing, wholesale,
retail, etc with rules about labelling, sites being away from schools,
etc. One weird provision which seems to
be non-controversial is that generally, licence holders must have had at least
one previous cannabis conviction. Go figure!? This is a country of contrasts to be
sure! The pp slides are available on
request as the speakers had detailed data from interviews with hundreds of
citizens in numerous states in the process of legalising cannabis for
recreational use.
A psychiatrist, he was an
early apostle for treating drug and alcohol addiction with group therapy in a
residential setting. [click below for link]
10 August 2022
Did Covid related liberalisation of methadone dispensing affect overdose rates?
Dear Colleagues,
Finally we are seeing some
useful publications regarding the major changes in provision of opiate
maintenance during the Covid pandemic (see links below). Yet the jury is still out regarding the value
of supervised consumption of methadone (and buprenorphine) in long-term opiate
maintenance.
Jones, Volkow and colleagues
report American opiate overdose death rates with and without methadone
involvement before and after March 2020 when new guidelines were being
implemented. Clinics were permitted to
give 28 or 14 take-home doses for ‘stable’ and ‘less stable’ patients
respectively. They examined coroner
records for overdoses, noting that historically most methadone overdoses were
in pain patients (unsupervised) rather than in those in dependence programs (with
supervised dosing).
Starting from January 2019
the group extracted monthly data on overdose deaths to August 2021 from
official and preliminary (2021) the CDCP.
They found a brief spike in all overdoses at the commencement of the
Covid pandemic around April 2020 but no significant increases in the months
following despite supervision of methadone doses being reduced dramatically. They also found that overdoses not involving
methadone continued to increase progressively through August 2021 and correspondingly,
the proportion of overdose deaths involving methadone declined. Other authors report May 2020 as the peak in
the US with overdoses 50% higher than a year earlier.
Overdose is the most serious
complication of unsupervised methadone but there are others such as treatment
drop-outs, relapse to the use of alternative drugs and alcohol, sometimes with
concomitant mental illness. Fentanyl is a
major risk factor in America but is seen less in Australia to date. A search on Google Scholar found a small
number of papers which looked at these matters, none finding significant or
lasting changes after the change in methadone guidelines (see below).
Old research shows that most
diverted or ‘black market’ methadone is taken by people who would normally
qualify for methadone treatment. Worryingly however, such recipients are also at
highest risk of overdose from unknown quantities of diverted, street or
prescribed opioids.
In our Sydney clinic from
March 2020 we increased our provision of dispensed (non-supervised) doses as
well as introducing a raft of preventive measures including social distancing, ‘telehealth’
consultations, mask mandate, perspex shield at dispensing counter, hand
sanitizer, gloves for staff, home visits for Covid infected patients, encouraging
vaccination, etc. We also suspended routine
urine toxicology tests.
While there were no reports
of overdose in our patient group, in the early weeks of the new guidelines we
noted that a proportion (~5%) of patients were running out of methadone
early. We provided occasional
supplementary doses and if these were requested more than once more frequent
attendance was recommended. One patient
stated: “Look Doc, when it comes to opiates I am a pig. If I have four bottles for four days they are
always gone in three or less. That
leaves me in withdrawals”. He sought return
to Monday, Wednesday and Friday attendance and did well thereafter through the
pandemic.
Regarding the lack of control
in some given extended ‘take-homes’, higher doses may be needed by some, others
more frequent attendance, others still may need more psychosocial supports. Anxiety, panic disorder, insomnia and
depression are common in this population group: American treatment guidelines state
that patients should not be denied appropriate treatment just because they are
on OTP. Long acting benzodiazepines
should only be prescribed in modest doses, limited quantities and with close
monitoring when appropriate. Antidepressants are effective in a significant
minority of cases in our experience. Since
the introduction of real-time prescription monitoring in Australian states patients
are no longer so easily able to attend multiple doctors and pharmacies without
detection. Prescribed medications will
always be safer than unknown quantities of short acting, high-potency black
market drugs.
Back to the point of the
article by Jones, Volkow and colleagues: what is the purpose of dose
supervision? Regular attendance gives some
daily discipline for new, unstable and unhappy patients. But how long is it needed? This has never been studied systematically to
my knowledge so the current naturalistic experiment should be used to determine
how far one can go. But now some experienced
researchers need to collect appropriate longitudinal clinical data to give
further guidance on best practice. Most
would agree that after the initial period of daily attendance more flexible
arrangements should be available for those who can show that they have moved
away from illicit drugs and become more socially integrated with work, study,
family life, etc. But then?
See references below for
other aspects of the current loosening of take-home provisions for methadone
maintenance patients. I hope this is
useful for clinicians who practise in the field.
Written by Andrew Byrne .. Now
semi-retired – Mobile: 0490408477
[with thanks to J James, C.
Jones and R Hallinan for editing assistance]
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Dr. Andrew's Opinions (methadone-research.blogspot.com)
30 April 2022
Difficult times ... and an escape hatch!
Fish bone, bowel blockage by adhesions, retirement and closure of clinic after 38 years.
Dear colleagues,
An elderly musician and composer retired to the Redfern flats and became my patient for her last years. One morning on a home visit she presented me with a three page piano piece written in my honour. One look at the manuscript showed it was far too difficult for my modest keyboard talents and it was not for another 25 years that I heard it played by a professional. It is absolutely charming, original and possibly even an 'Alter ego' of myself (which was its title). [contact me if you wish to hear it]
Other remarkable events happened with regularity in our practice, many of which one could not predict in a century of guesswork. Unfortunately many such details may give away identities and are too personal to be revealed. One very early (1980s) GP patient was a truck driver who inadvertently caused a massive traffic jam by blocking lanes on the Sydney Harbour Bridge. He just walked in that afternoon and revealed what had happened and that he needed a certificate for a few days off. His truck was in a mess yet he was remarkably untouched, at least physically.
Successes? What is a success regarding addiction? Survival is pretty important. Keeping out of trouble, avoiding harms, looking after families, work, study and social integration are also admirable.
The majority of our patients were on social security benefits and did some family responsibilities, part time work, hobbies or volunteer work. Yet I also had many patients who worked, paid taxes and were part of the movers and shakers of our society. One became a member of a Royal College while another obtained a PhD. Others included successful lawyers, a police officer, business people, motor mechanic, retailers, teachers, nurses, graphic artist and other key community workers. No politicians … but several highly placed public servants.
No clerics, rabbis, reverends to date but one most interesting and troubled long-term seminarian studying divinity at a major institution.
Andrew Byrne ..
10 February 2022
Closure of Byrne Surgery Clinic after 38 years.
6. Treating dependency patients … retirement of Dr Andrew Byrne.
11 January 2022
4. Microdose transfers from methadone to buprenorphine – 5. Will this spell the end of the methadone clinic?
Part the third: Harm reduction and supervised benzodiazepine prescribing in opiate programs. [See my old summary Dr. Andrew's Opinions: Benzodiazepines in psychiatry and addiction medicine - do they still have a place in chronic care? (methadone-research.blogspot.com) New summary to follow later when time permits.]
Part the fourth: ‘Microdose’ transfers from methadone to buprenorphine. Will this spell less need for methadone clinics with more patients benefitting from buprenorphine in community practice?
4. Due to precipitated withdrawal,
transfer of high dose methadone patients to buprenorphine was generally
considered impossible. Gradual reductions to 40mg have enabled some to
transition successfully. However for many others such reductions
have proven untenable.
But things have changed. We now
know that many patients can be transitioned using an overlapping dosing regimen
starting with full dose methadone along with ‘micro-doses’ of buprenorphine
(eg. 0.4-0.8mg SL) then reducing doses of methadone and increasing doses of
buprenorphine after 3 days of the priming doses.
While this is novel in Australia it was
first described in 2010 by Dr Robert Haemmig in Bern, Switzerland and has been
recently taken up by a number of centres in Canada (see references below from
London, Ontario and Vancouver, BC). Despite minor differences in
protocols the essence is the same. Seven cases were described by Brar and
colleagues in July 2020 using a type of ‘Bernese’ protocol.
The NSW Health Department first approved a
"Bernese" protocol in November 2020 and a major hospital has
performed a substantial number of trial cases with ethics committee approval,
initially as in-patients, then as out-patients. In our practice we have
performed three initial transfer patients with singular satisfaction from the patients
involved and minimal input from staff. Now we have a wait-list for
further candidates to try this innovation.
Extended unsupervised doses of
buprenorphine can often be given as it is far safer than
methadone. There is also the prospect of long acting, depot
buprenorphine injections up to monthly intervals. It is known that
buprenorphine has less propensity to alter the endocrine system and it is hoped
that osteoporosis will be rarer in long-term use compared with
methadone.
The microdosing method staggers the cessation of methadone and simultaneously introduces ‘micro-doses’ of buprenorphine (eg. 0.4mg, 0.8mg, 2mg) to ‘prime’ the mu receptors and thus prevent the withdrawal cascade which can be precipitated when they are saturated with partial agonist. So, rather than a sudden switch which can risk a precipitated withdrawal reaction the process is smoother and associated with high patient tolerability. Dr Nolan's group in Vancouver has performed over 200 such transfers on patients taking up to 200mg methadone and she reports zero incidence of precipitated withdrawal and a 95% satisfaction with buprenorphine with just 5% returning to methadone (pers comm.). Furthermore, she emphasises that flexibility is the key, allowing slightly longer cross-over periods when necessary, antiemetics, sedatives and analgesics for those with symptoms in the transition period.
5. So, is this the end of the ‘methadone clinic’ as we knew it with most patients moving on to buprenorphine? Our five recent transfer patients (including 2 direct low dose transfers) have reported a variety of benefits such as less sweating, less constipation, ‘clearer head’, less stigma, better mood, better sleep, easier storage and more. Do I sound like a commercial? The only regret from some was that they did not do this transfer long ago!
Over the years I have visited
methadone clinics across the world including Brighton, England, San Francisco,
Honolulu, Maui, Manhattan, Brooklyn, Bronx, Chicago, Beijing, Hong Kong and
beyond. None could be mistaken for a resort hotel and some were scruffy
and uninviting dens. In the past methadone clinics were necessary … a
time when heroin addiction was spreading widely, HIV threatened, overdoses were
increasing when neither traditional hospital, pharmacy, medical or psychiatry
clinics were able to deliver the necessary treatment in sufficient
numbers. And methadone was the only opiate maintenance drug
available. While buprenorphine has
changed the field in most countries, sadly in the USA the price of
buprenorphine is beyond the reach of many who need treatment.
Now in many countries GPs and community
pharmacies can be involved in delivering quality opiate maintenance using
buprenorphine. They may need back-up support and assistance from
addiction specialists for new and complex cases. Time will tell but I
predict less need for OTP clinics and the expansion of addiction referral
centres. These should
support GPs and other community services and need to be comprehensive,
involving smoking cessation, vaping information, alcohol detox services, medical
cannabis, harm reduction information, hepatitis monitoring, stimulant programs
and associated mental health assistance. And good coffee!
With best regards to my faithful readers.
Disclaimer: the Bernese method is still not a standard treatment and should only be done under close supervision with experienced staff and Health Department approval.
2. Reconsidering the usefulness of adding naloxone to buprenorphine.
Part the second, Dr Byrne’s blog notes (abbreviated due to two articles I have found which have done most of the work I set out to do).
These authors avoid mention of commercial, marketing and patent factors but state: “…we cannot unambiguously conclude that naloxone is an effective deterrent to parenteral misuse of buprenorphine. At best, naloxone may reduce or delay the subjective “high” users experience, but in the absence of any dramatic effect on abuse liability, this partial blockade of subjective euphoric effects is of dubious clinical value.”
To cast further doubts on the combination product one should consider the substantially higher post-treatment mortality found in combination-treated patients in WA when compared with those prescribed the pure drug (n=3455) over a nine year period. I could only find two comparative clinical trials, one a pilot study reporting significantly higher doses needed when transferring from the pure drug to combination (not blinded: see Bell below). The other was a large RCT reporting more withdrawal syndrome in those given combination buprenorphine versus the pure drug (25% vs 18% of subjects: see Fudala below).
I leave the reader to consider the evidence and decide what is best for their own patients.
Written by Andrew Byrne .. Regards for a safe New Year for 2022 for all my readers.
Frontiers | Reconsidering the Usefulness of Adding
Naloxone to Buprenorphine | Psychiatry (frontiersin.org) Blazes and Morrow 2020
Buprenorphine alone or with naloxone: Which is safer?
- PubMed (nih.gov)
Bell J, Byron G, Gibson A, Morris A. A pilot study of
buprenorphine-naloxone combination tablet (Suboxone®) in treatment of opioid
dependence. Drug Alcohol Rev 2004 23;3:311-318
Fudala PJ, Bridge TP, Herbert S, et al. Office-Based Treatment of Opiate
Addiction with a Sublingual-Tablet Formulation of Buprenorphine and Naloxone.
NEJM (2003) 349:949-958
12 December 2021
1. Changes to opiate treatment programs during Covid – benefits for some, harms for others.
1 Changes to opiate treatment programs during Covid – benefits for some, harms for others.
2 Pure versus
combination buprenorphine – drug company tactics, ‘smoke and mirrors’.
3 Harm reduction and
diazepam prescribing in opiate programs.
4 Microdose transfers
from methadone to buprenorphine – the ‘Bernese’ method measures up.
5 Are we seeing the
end of the ‘methadone clinic’?
6. The role of OTP clinics in Covid vaccination, diagnosis, prevention, quarantine, home dosing, etc.
Part the First: Covid changes.
Covid has taught us many things about many things, including opiate maintenance treatments. From early in the Covid pandemic most patients were given extra take-home or dispensed doses. For about a month due to the delta crisis in New South Wales our practice gave no supervised doses but just doses for home consumption from the practice window. Although substantial numbers of our patients benefited greatly from increased liberties with take-away or dispensed doses of methadone and buprenorphine, a minority have got into trouble, some in a small way, others seriously.
In our practice we detected
about ten percent of our patients, mostly ‘doubling up’ on doses and thus
running out before normal return dates.
Others were injecting the medication, selling it or just saving amounts
‘for a rainy day’ (in case the clinic were closed down). One patient developed serious septic thrombosis
from regular inguinal injecting, requiring in-patient treatment for an extended
period. Yet another was reported to be
selling doses to others in the practice.
Daily supervised dosing has been the usual practice in nearly all opiate maintenance research and practice, at least initially. However, the place of continued supervised dosing has never been systematically investigated to my knowledge. We found no distinguishing factors in those who ‘stumbled’ when given extra dispensed doses during Covid lock-down periods. Some were stable, employed, long term patients while others were known to use other drugs including alcohol and had less stable lives generally.
Detection of irregularities with adherence was made by self-report, venipunctures, requests for supplements or hospitalisations. Such patients often dictated their own safety measures such as more regular attendance, increased dose supervision and for some, dose adjustments. Transfer from methadone to buprenorphine was also considered in some cases.
During the period of zero supervision, several of our patients started taking split doses, finding the benefit of less sedation and longer duration of action. They were disappointed when dose supervision resumed once the clinic re-opened for regular operation. The most obvious solution for this is transfer to buprenorphine which is longer acting and usually non-sedating. This can now be accomplished, even in those on high doses of methadone, using the ‘Bernese’ microdosing technique without the need to reduce methadone doses at all (more about that in a future posting).
Several groups have tried to measure changes from the Covid provisions in opiate maintenance yet there is still no systematic examination of the outcomes of dose supervision and regular attendance for medication. A Yale University group headed by addiction psychiatrist Ayana Jordan was working on the subject during the early months of Covid in mid-2020. A press release waxes about the benefits of increased dispensed doses in American methadone programs (see first reference below). However, I have read little about the ‘down side’ which we have noted above. Evidence based treatment will always be safest even though it may be inconvenient.
How COVID pandemic changed methadone treatment for addiction - ABC News (go.com)
The impact of COVID-19 on opioid treatment programs in the United States - PubMed (nih.gov)
Written by Andrew Byrne ..
4 July 2021
Benzodiazepines in psychiatry and addiction medicine - do they still have a place in chronic care?
Sydney Addiction Seminar
Wednesday 28th November, 2018
“Benzodiazepines in psychiatry and addiction medicine - do they still have a place in chronic care?”
Vladan Starcevic, Paul Haber, Andrew Byrne. Moderator Dr Richard Hallinan.
Psychiatrist and Associate Professor
Vladan Starcevic spoke about the safety and effectiveness of diazepam and
related drugs for anxiety. He stressed
the poor results from almost every treatment tried since the time of
Hippocrates for this common and disabling condition. This changed dramatically with the
introduction of benzodiazepines starting with chordiazepoxide (Librium) in 1959. We were shown numerous trials which included
comparisons with tricyclic antidepressants, SSRI’s, SNRI’s and non-drug
alternatives (talking therapies, yoga, acupuncture, etc). The benzodiazepines came out as more
effective nearly every time. The speaker
emphasised the low rates of side effects (‘almost none’) as well as the low
rates of dependence on the drugs (around 2% in most studies). It seems that sedation is not considered a
side effect of sedatives but a dose related effect, sometimes wanted, as for
insomnia, or unwanted for daytime anxiety patients.
Some myths were busted such as the canard that antidepressants are not habit forming, do not develop tolerance and do not have any withdrawals (further supportive studies were cited). The saga of the use and alleged abuse of fluoxetine (Prozac) was quoted. Professor Starcevic almost sounded like an advertisement for benzodiazepines yet he is clearly expert in the field and quoted rigorous studies to support his views. He also serves on a number of international committees on the treatment of anxiety and related disorders. We have all seen the pendulum swing from Valium and related drugs being the panacea to the pariah. Despite this prescribers all know the great benefits which can be had by using careful assessments, judicious prescribing with psychosocial supports for stress cases who can be very vulnerable and for whom there are few effective alternatives.
This led into a talk by Prof
Haber of some aspects of pharmacology of GABA receptors and the respective
places in the neurone where barbiturates, alcohol, benzodiazepines, etc, were
thought to act … and how flumazanil can block the process of hyper-polarisation
when chloride ions are allowed into the cell making it less likely to
depolarise. Then Prof Haber reminded us of
the origin of the suffix ‘PAM’ attached to so many of the benzodiazepines - and
said it might be the only thing some audience members might remember from the whole
evening. Positive Allosteric Modulators (PAM) of the neurone. We were shown slides from PBS to demonstrate
the enormous popularity of sedatives in Australia since the benzodiazepines replaced
the barbiturates from about 1960 onwards.
I spoke next about our negative
experience using the zero-tolerance approach.
This had resulted in many patients relapsing after periods of
benzodiazepine reductions or abstinence, often associated with high potency
products such as alprazolam, clonazepam or flunitrazepam (Xanax, Rivotril,
Hypnodorm). These were sometimes
prescribed but most commonly were obtained from the street market. We selected some long-term patients who were
clearly benzodiazepine dependent and allowed a limited daily dose, initially
under supervision. This was most usually
diazepam in doses from 2mg to 15mg daily.
American treatment guidelines point out that just because a patient in on OTP they should not be denied benefits of benzodiazepines for anxiety, panic disorder, insomnia or epilepsy. And those with dependency need to have this addressed. Yet this should not simply mean “Valium on demand”.
I was asked whether I was treating dependence or psychiatric symptoms of stress and anxiety: which is almost like the question of which came first, the chicken or the egg? Just as methadone maintenance patients may comprise pain management cases as well as some recreational drug users, the matter becomes academic once the patient gets to a certain point in their opiate consumption. It is now widely agreed that whether one started drug use in a medical setting or the illicit market, opiate dependency treatment should be the same.
Withdrawal symptoms from both opiates and benzodiazepines usually involve dysaesthesia, anxiety and/or insomnia. Hence it is not surprising that for some OTP patients, the consumption of opiates and benzodiazepines is closely aligned and equally important to them.
We have long used the principles of ‘universal precautions’ which assumes that all patients are potentially dependent and should be treated as such, with some dose supervision, some counselling and occasional urine toxicology testing. Equally, all patients may be genuine anxiety disorder sufferers and thus deserve consideration of pharmacotherapy for that just like any other medical or psychiatric patient.
10 June 2021
This is my Covid warning email sent to family members on 26th Jan 2020 ...
Subject: Corona virus alert is serious and we should all be taking note.
I have followed this and it is a REAL worry, not only for China but for us as well.
At this early stage we don’t know that much … but that this disease is a very serious form of respiratory infection which can spread from droplets just like colds and influenza.
We would be crazy to eat in a busy restaurant in Hurstville just at the moment. Or to travel to China at all, probably.
We should all have and wear face masks whenever in public transport or enclosed public spaces. I have a small supply at the surgery but any chemist should supply (but Gold Cross Pharmacy in Redfern have run out already!!).
So please take this threat seriously and get take-away food, avoid public transport if possible and WEAR a mask when out of the house.
In a few more days our entire lives could be changed by both the disease and our authorities’ response to it. Already China has restricted travel to and from large parts of the country. Wuhan is at a crossroads in central China and twice in the past has been the capital of China. Similar things happened with the Great Plague in 1349 … but much slower … see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death .
I wish I could say, like global warming, that this was all a hoax … but I strongly fear it is for ‘very real’. AB ..